Ejercicios de must have, might have y can't have
28 preguntas · opción múltiple, huecos, transformar frases, verdadero o falso y relacionar · corrección al instante
Opción múltiple
Valora las pruebas
Elige la deducción que expresa el grado de certeza indicado por el contexto.
The sealed envelope is still in my drawer. It's impossible that I posted it. I it.
Perhaps the courier went to the wrong building. The courier to the wrong building.
The only access was through a locked gate, and its lock is smashed. I'm almost certain someone it open.
There is no record of her reply, but that doesn't prove she sent nothing. She to reply.
A key was compulsory for entry yesterday. Every visitor one to get in. This describes a requirement, not a guess.
The security footage shows the files stayed on my desk all night. You them home last night as you claim.
Completar
Modal y participio
Completa con el modal y el verbo indicados en la forma perfecta. No sustituyas el modal por otro.
The audience knew every word. They the song before. (must / hear)
The office was empty, so she from home that day. (might / work)
The window was sealed shut. The bird through it. (can't / enter)
The message went to an old address. He it. (might not / receive)
I found a fresh receipt inside the bag. Someone it recently. (must / use)
The photograph is dated 1982, but the bridge opened in 1990. It from that bridge. (can't / take; pasiva)
Transformación
De la evidencia a la hipótesis
Completa con entre dos y cinco palabras, incluida la palabra clave sin cambiarla, y modal + have + participio del verbo original. Usa must para casi certeza, might para posibilidad y can't o cannot para imposibilidad. Las contracciones cuentan como sus formas completas.
I'm almost certain the printer ran out of ink.
MUST
The printer out of ink.
It is impossible that the driver saw the cyclist.
SEEN
The driver the cyclist.
Perhaps the committee misunderstood the proposal.
MIGHT
The committee the proposal.
It is possible that the warning did not reach them.
MIGHT
The warning them.
I'm almost certain the painting was moved overnight.
MUST
The painting overnight.
It is impossible that those footprints were made by a child.
MADE
Those footprints by a child.
Verdadero o falso
Revisa modal y participio
Marca Verdadero si la frase es gramaticalmente correcta y Falso si contiene un error.
The floor is soaked. Someone must have left the tap running.
She might has misread the reference number.
He cannot have saw the final version.
The attachment may not have reached the recipient.
The badge could have been copied without our knowledge.
Relacionar
De las pruebas a la conclusión
Relaciona cada contexto con la conclusión que respeta el grado de certeza indicado y los hechos.
Pulsa un elemento de la izquierda y después su pareja de la derecha.
Explicación
Los modals of deduction expresan conclusiones basadas en pruebas. Para deducir qué ocurrió antes del momento de hablar usamos modal + have + participio. El modal indica cuánta confianza tenemos en esa conclusión.
Certeza y posibilidad sobre el pasado
| Estructura | Interpretación | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| must have + participio | Conclusión afirmativa muy probable | They must have used a spare key. |
| might / may / could have + participio | Una posibilidad | They might have entered through the garage. |
| can’t / couldn’t have + participio | Conclusión negativa fuerte | They can’t have climbed that smooth wall. |
| might not / may not have + participio | Posibilidad de que algo no ocurriera | They might not have noticed the camera. |
Must have no es una prueba absoluta: el hablante presenta la conclusión como muy convincente. Might have, may have y could have pueden expresar posibilidades parecidas, aunque could have también tiene otros usos según el contexto.
Cómo se forman
El modal no cambia con el sujeto. Have queda en forma base y el verbo principal va en participio.
- She must have forgotten the appointment. (no must has forgot)
- They might not have read the small print.
- The parcel can’t have been delivered to this address. (perfecto pasivo)
Si la hipótesis presenta una actividad en curso en un momento pasado, usamos have been + -ing: He might have been driving when you called.
No confundas deducción y obligación
She must have left significa «deduzco que se fue». Para decir «tuvo que irse» como necesidad pasada, usamos She had to leave.
Mustn’t suele expresar prohibición: You mustn’t open that cabinet. Para la deducción negativa fuerte que practicamos aquí, el patrón es can’t have: He can’t have opened it; he had no key.
Cambiar el modal cambia la conclusión
- She might not have received the invitation. Puede que no la recibiera; no lo sabemos.
- She can’t have received the invitation. Las pruebas nos llevan a descartar que la recibiera.
Truco: no traduzcas «debe de haber salido» con must of left. Must’ve suena parecido, pero se escribe con have: must have left. Y no añadas to detrás del modal.